<processor> A microprocessor developed by Intel circa 1982. The 80186 was an improvement on the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external bus} and was also available as the Intel 80188, with an 8-bit external data bus. The initial clock rate of the 80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz. They were not used in many computers, but one notable exception was the Mindset, a very advanced computer for the time. They were used as {embedded processors}. One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the number of chips required. "To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a significant performance increase over the 8086 that also included such common peripheral functions as software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA (direct memory access). This processor, the 80186, could replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration) and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for less than the cost of the parts it replaced." -- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference below) New instructions were also introduced as follows: ENTER Make stcak frame for procedure parameters LEAVE High-level procedure exit PUSHA Push all general registers POPA Pop all general registers BOUND Check array index against bounds IMUL Signed (integer) multiply INS Input from port to string OUTS Output string to port ["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134]. ["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation, Byte, November 1984, p. 231]. (1999-05-10)

Intel 80186

INtegriertes TEileLogistiksystem (Reference: MBAG)

Intel Corporation

<company> A US microelectronics manufacturer. They produced the Intel 4004, Intel 8080, Intel 8086, Intel 80186, Intel 80286, Intel 80386, Intel 486 and Pentium microprocessor families as well as many other {integrated circuits} and personal computer networking and communications products. Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded Intel in 1968 to design, manufacture, and market semiconductor computer memory to replace magnetic core memory, the dominant computer memory at that time. Dr. Andrew S. Grove joined Intel soon after its incorporation. Three years later, in 1971, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. Intel has design, development, production, and administration facilities throughout the western US, Europe and Asia. In 1995 nearly 75% of the world's personal computers use Intel architecture. Annual revenues are rapidly approaching $10 billion. In March, 1994, "Business Week" named Intel one of the top ten American companies in terms of profit, one of the top 15 market value winners, and 16th out of the magazine's top 1,000 companies overall. Intel invested a record $2.9 billion in capital and R&D in 1993, and expects to increase combined spending on these activities to $3.5 billion in 1994. Quarterly sales were $2770M and profits, $640M in Aug 1994. http://intel.com/. Address: Santa Clara, CA, USA. (1995-03-01)

<processor> A superscalar 32-bit RISC microprocessor from Intel intended for embedded applications. The i960 CA variant can reach 66 native MIPS peak performance with a sustained execution of two instructions per clock cycle. The i960 CF has an on-chip, four kilobyte two-way set-associative instruction cache and a one kilobyte {data cache}. Both the CA and CF processors have on-chip RAM; a four-channel DMA unit; and integrated peripherals. (1996-05-23)

Intel 486

Intel 486

<processor> A version of the Intel 80386 with a 32-bit {data bus} and 32-bit address bus, a BGA. The 386DX was clocked at 16 to 33 MHz by Intel and up to 40 MHz by AMD. It comes in a BGA package. (2003-07-05)

<processor> (Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of processors. The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate. There are several suffixes and variants including: Intel 486SX - a 486DX with its FPU disabled (see crippleware). Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU. 486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate. 486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate. 486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry. 486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors. 487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX systems. OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX systems. RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems. Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC. External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz, 40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors are often clock doubled. The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips & Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in specications and performance, some aren't. The successor to the 486 is the Pentium. (1995-02-21)